Wolves are also territorial, and fights over territory are among the principal causes of mortality.

Offspring may leave to form their own packs on the onset of sexual maturity and in response to competition for food within the pack. It travels in nuclear families consisting of a mated pair accompanied by their offspring. Of all members of the genus Canis, the wolf is most specialized for cooperative game hunting as demonstrated by its physical adaptations to tackling large prey, its more social nature, and its highly advanced expressive behaviour, including individual or group howling. The wolf's fur is usually mottled white, brown, gray, and black, although subspecies in the arctic region may be nearly all white. The wolf is nonetheless related closely enough to smaller Canis species, such as the coyote and the golden jackal, to produce fertile hybrids with them. The wolf is the largest extant member of the family Canidae, and is further distinguished from other Canis species by its less pointed ears and muzzle, as well as a shorter torso and a longer tail.

More than thirty subspecies of Canis lupus have been recognized, including the dog and dingo, though gray wolves, as popularly understood, only comprise naturally-occurring wild subspecies. The wolf ( Canis lupus pl.: wolves), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. Global wolf range based on IUCN's 2018 assessment.

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